I’ve come
to think of this stereotypical cloisonné dragon design as “Lao Tian Li’s”
because it is so distinctive and coincident with his lifetime [circa 1860-1930?]
I wondered
if it was the workshop where he was employed that set the standard for cloisonné
dragon iconography for at least 50 years.
I’m not saying Lao Tian Li invented the dragon iconography – here’s a
Chinese dragon design in brass:
And a much older Ming dragon in the British Museum:
However, the cheerful 20th century Chinese cloisonné
dragons are quite distinctive from the bristly Japanese or earlier Chinese
representations. Lao Tian Li’s signed
pieces are among the best versions, carefully detailed, showing a lively 5-toed
dragon with pointed claws and distinct toe pads and spurs on the legs, rounded chin
and distinctive bulbous snout with bumpy or spiky edges, a pair of sinuous barbels
alongside the nostrils, animated close-set black and white eyes, pronged horns emerging
from a bulbous dotted base on the dragon’s forehead, open mouth with curved
pointed tongue, angled jaw defined by a double line, fangs with outer pointed
tushes, and flowing mane. The body
scales are neatly applied, with individual scales following the belly edge
(instead of merely a wavy line) and a thin barbed crest along the back. Head, claws, tail and body are proportionate
to one another. Uniform small rounded crinkly
clouds with a tight round center fill the background and are very neatly and evenly applied.
Two variant poses are
common :
1) a long profile
suitable for the edges of boxes and shallow bowls or for curling around a vase
or candlestick;
2) a frontal rather geometric head-on view with a spotted
forehead, squared lower jaw, and “Comin’ atcha!” expression. This latter
frontal view seems to have been a favorite for having fun with variations in
colors and design details, although the overall layout remains
stereotypical.
The worst craftsmanship of all seems to appear on items
featuring a third rather awkward hybrid pose: the sprawled body with outspread
claws of the frontal pose combined with a sort of three-quarters profile
head.
In many versions of this hybrid Pose 3, basic artistic mistakes can be seen such as the awkward spots where the head overlaps the body, often seeming to sever it.
This pose seems to cluster in items made from the 1930s through the 1970s, and may have been the favorite of one particular artist or workshop. I haven’t been able to find examples that are unequivocally from earlier decades, and none at all signed by Lao Tian Li.
In many versions of this hybrid Pose 3, basic artistic mistakes can be seen such as the awkward spots where the head overlaps the body, often seeming to sever it.
This pose seems to cluster in items made from the 1930s through the 1970s, and may have been the favorite of one particular artist or workshop. I haven’t been able to find examples that are unequivocally from earlier decades, and none at all signed by Lao Tian Li.
Simplified versions of dragons in all three poses often look
bulb-nosed and cross-eyed, with a jelly bean chin.
Pre-World War 2 Chinese cloisonné production seems to have
been a combination of high quality pieces produced by urban workshops under a
master or masters, and a cottage industry in villages that produced folk-art
items to sell for cash to supplement their agricultural income. Once the basic dragon stereotype was set, it
was adhered to even in the more casually made household bric-a-brac. If one’s task is to work with standardized
pieces and a memorized pattern, turning out the same basic design over and
over, neatness and efficiency are probably of greater concern than personal
artistic expression. Nonetheless, even in small and presumably less expensive
pieces such as matchboxes, a difference is obvious between pieces made by
someone with artistic ability who cared, and by someone who was just doing work.
It can be hazardous to try to date a piece
from the hodgepodge of painted, stamped, engraved, or papered labels that
might have been applied. I (and apparently many online auction sellers) have
difficulty sorting items into approximate age categories – Late Qing? Early
Republic? Roaring 20s? Depression 30s? Warring 40s? Nonetheless, production
does seem to get less detailed and meticulous around the 1930s, for entirely
understandable reasons – worldwide economic depression, wars, occupation, and
older Qing-era craftspeople fading from the scene. A crude four-toed dragon, often with black
eyes, seems to have appeared on beads and fashion accessories around the late
1930s. These beads show up in Japan as
well as in the United States - more on them in an upcoming post.
A carefully worked cigarette case |
My cute litte dragon box - the cloison wires are hair-thin. |
Great little matchbox with good design, color, and workmanship |
tA small inro-style purse of careless work. |
The JingFa cloisonné factory was founded in 1956. By this time the People’s Republic had been
through a terror and political purges, but Mao’s Famine and Cultural Revolution
were still to come. Collectivization of
the agricultural villages and famine likely reduced the population of part-time
cottage artisans. It’s difficult to see
how high quality cloisonné production could have persisted under such
circumstances, but apparently some artists and workshops struggled onward trying
to produce well made versions of traditional Chinese motifs, revolutionary
themes, and “modern” designs that might appeal to foreign buyers.
By the early 1970s arts and craft production was being
encouraged by the government in order to earn foreign exchange (Pier One
Imports and Lillian Vernon come to mind). The Montreal Gazette of Oct 2, 1973 recounts
how despite the ongoing Cultural Revolution the remaining older artisans had to
totter out of the back rooms and show the newer workers how to make the
old-style designs instead of revolutionary themes. The last gasp of the older dragon stereotype
seems to occur around the 1970s. Then it
appears that newer artistic directors took over in the factories and workshops
and instituted their own standard dragon patterns and motifs.
Small bowl from c1930s on left, similar bowl from 1980s-90s on right. Note the difference in the style of clouds in the background - JingFa (Beijing Enamel Factory) post-1960 clouds on the right. |
Vibrant modern covered jar from eBay seller liwz88 in Beijing |
No comments:
Post a Comment